5. Itō Mikiharu. Kazoku Kokkakan. (Mineruva Shobō, 1982), 2–4. Kano Masanao, Fujin, Josei, Onna (Iwanami Shoten, 1989), especially 102–4. It should also be kept in mind, however, that a household-based division of labor, based on Western bourgeois notions of monogamy and shared family time activity had been in place since the turn of the century. The magazine Katei Zasshi had first appeared in 1892, and the term shufu first gained currency at that time. See Ueno Chizuko, “Kaisetsu,” Fūzoku Sei, vol. 23 of Nihon Kindai Shisō Taikei, ed. Ogi Shinzō, Kumakura Isao, Ueno Chizuko (Iwanami Shoten, 1990), 505–18. No laws or policy changes emerged from the debate. Margit Nagy, “ ‘How Shall We Live?’ ” Katō Akemi, “ ‘Minpō Kaisei Yōkō’ to Josei,” in Onnatachi no Kindai, ed. Kindai Joseishi Kenkyūkai (Kashiwa Shobō, 1978), 228–54. My argument closely follows Katō’s analysis of state intervention as regards education, the shojokai, and the fujinkai. See Katō, 249–53.